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Written by Sanjeet Singh » Updated on: October 05th, 2024
With Java concurrency, you can leverage the power of parallel processing and multi-threading to enhance your applications. Whether you're a novice or an expert, this tutorial will propel your abilities into the intense world of concurrent programming. If you’re a beginner, you might be interested in exploring Java training course in Delhi and other cities like Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata and Chandigarh. Get comfortable and join us as we explore Java's extensive APIs for an exciting journey into the world of high-performance coding.
All of the best Java development firms use concurrency, which is the capacity of a programme to carry out several activities at once. It makes it possible to use system resources more effectively and can enhance the application's overall responsiveness and performance.
There shouldn't be many differences between Java frameworks when it comes to concurrency concepts, classes, and interfaces used for multithreading. These include `Thread`, `Runnable`, `Callable`, {Future}, {ExecutorService~, and the classes in `java.util.concurrent}. These are all part of the standard Java libraries. However, before we dive right in, let me ask you a very fundamental question.
Programming techniques known as "multithreading" allow for the existence of numerous threads of operation within a single application.
In Java, multithreading is merely one method of achieving concurrency. Other techniques, such multiprocessing, asynchronous programming, or event-driven programming, can also be used to accomplish concurrency.
For the layman, however, a "thread" is a single stream of tasks that the processor of a computer can carry out on its own.
For a number of reasons, concurrency is an excellent choice when developing high-performance modern applications.
Enhanced Output
Better speed is achieved by breaking large, time-consuming processes into smaller, concurrently executable pieces thanks to concurrency. This can significantly speed up the execution of apps by utilising the multi-core CPUs of today.
The best possible use of system resources is made possible via concurrency, which boosts resource efficiency. The system can maximise resource utilisation and system efficiency by allowing other processes to perform concurrently and avoiding blocking a single thread by providing asynchronous I/O operations.
Enhanced Responsiveness: By ensuring that an interactive application doesn't become inoperable, concurrency can improve the user experience. One thread can handle user inputs or UI updates while another thread completes a computationally demanding operation.
Concurrent entities are a natural part of the problem domain in some circumstances, such simulations or game engines, therefore using a concurrent programming technique is more efficient and intuitive. This is known as simple modelling in general.
Java provides a flexible and all-inclusive concurrency API with thread pools, concurrent collections, and robust atomic variables. These concurrency tools reduce common concurrency issues and facilitate the writing of concurrent code.
It's critical to realise that concurrent programming is not a skill for novices. It adds a new layer of complexity to your programmes and presents a unique set of challenges, like thread safety assurance, managing synchronisation, and avoiding deadlocks. Before you get started, take into account the following points.
Complexity: Compared to designing single-threaded programmes, writing concurrent programmes might be more challenging and time-consuming. Understanding synchronisation, memory visibility, atomic operations, and thread communication is essential for developers.
Debugging Difficulties: Debugging concurrent programmes can be difficult due to their non-deterministic nature. Race conditions and deadlocks can arise occasionally, making it difficult to reproduce and resolve them.
Error Potential: Race situations, deadlocks, and thread interference are examples of mistakes that can arise from improper concurrency management. It could be challenging to identify and fix this problem.
Resource Contention: When several threads compete for the same resource, a poorly designed concurrent application may lead to resource contention and consequent performance degradation.
Overhead: Running many threads causes your computer to use more CPU and memory. Inadequate management can lead to resource depletion or less than ideal performance.
Complicated to Test: Testing concurrent programmes can be difficult since thread execution is non-deterministic and unpredictable.
Therefore, even if concurrency is a fantastic choice, there are certain challenges.
There are three methods for creating threads. Here, we'll use various techniques to construct the same thread.
By Inheriting from Thread Class
Taking a thread from the thread class is one technique to start one. The run() method of the thread object must then be overridden. The thread will be launched, and the run() method will be called.
public class ExampleThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
// contains all the code you want to execute
// when the thread starts
// prints out the name of the thread
// which is running the process
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
We construct an instance of the aforementioned class and invoke the start() function on it to start a new thread.
public class ThreadExamples {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExampleThread thread = new ExampleThread();
thread.start();
}
}
One typical error is to start the thread by calling the run() method. Although everything appears to be working as it should, using the run() method does not create a new thread. Rather, it runs the thread's code inside the parent thread. To start a new thread, we utilise the start() method.
To test this, call "thread.run()" in the code above rather than "thread.start()." The console will display "main," which indicates that no threads are being created. Rather, the work is carried out within the primary thread. See the documentation for additional information about the thread class.
Putting the Runnable interface into practice is an additional method of starting a thread. You must override the run() function, which will contain all of the tasks you want the runnable thread to perform, in a manner similar to the previous one.
public class ExampleRunnable implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
public class ThreadExamples {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExampleRunnable runnable = new ExampleRunnable();
Thread thread = new Thread(runnable);
thread.start();
}
}
Both approaches function precisely the same and get identical results. Since Java only allows you to inherit one class, the Runnable interface does not remove the possibility of extending the class with another class. Using runnables to establish a thread pool is also simpler.
The above procedure and this one are really similar. However, the work you wish to perform is contained in an anonymous function that you write rather than a new class that implements the runnable method.
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
// task you want to execute
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
});
thread.start();
}
}
Calling the threadOne.join() function from within threadTwo will cause threadTwo to wait until threadOne has completed its execution.
Greetings, Thread.The current thread will enter a timed waiting state when it uses the sleep(long timeInMilliSeconds) static function.
A thread may exist in any of the subsequent conditions. To find out the thread's current state, use Thread.getState().
NEW: created but has not started execution
RUNNABLE: started execution
BLOCKED: waiting to acquire a lock
WAITING: waiting for some other thread to perform a task
TIMED_WAITING: waiting for a specified time period
TERMINATED: completed execution or aborted
The "java.util.concurrent" package on the Java platform has a number of thread-safe concurrent collections that facilitate concurrent access.
ConcurrentHashMap
A thread-safe substitute for HashMap is ConcurrentHashMap. It offers techniques that are tailored for retrieval and atomic update processes. PutIfAbsent(), delete(), and replace() are a few examples of methods that carry out actions atomically and prevent race situations.
CopyOnWrite ArrayList
Imagine a situation in which one thread is attempting to alter an array list while another is attempting to read it or iterate over it. This could throw a ConcurrentModificationException or lead to inconsistent read operations.
This issue is resolved with CopyOnWriteArrayList, which copies the full array's contents each time it is altered. In this manner, we can continue to refine a new copy while iterating over the old one.
There is a cost associated with CopyOnWriteArrayList's thread-safety method. Removing or adding members is an expensive modification action since it necessitates making a new copy of the underlying array. Because of this, CopyOnWriteArrayList works well in situations where reads happen more often than writes.
Java Concurrency Alternatives
Java concurrency is a fantastic choice if you want to create an operating system-independent, high-performance application. There are other shows in the area, though. Here are a few options for you to think about.
Google created the statically-typed Go programming language, also referred to as Golang, which is extensively utilised in Go development services. The effectiveness and efficiency of this software solution are highly praised, particularly when it comes to managing multiple tasks at once. Go's usage of goroutines—lightweight threads controlled by the Go runtime—is essential to its prowess in concurrency since they make concurrent programming simple and incredibly effective.
Many Scala development companies prefer Scala, a JVM-compatible language that elegantly combines functional and object-oriented concepts. Its comprehensive library, Akka, is one of its best characteristics. With its Actor model for concurrency, Akka—which was created expressly to manage concurrent operations—offers a less error-prone and more user-friendly solution to traditional thread-based concurrency.
Asyncio, multiprocessing, and threading are examples of concurrent programming libraries that are included with Python, a language that is frequently used in Python development services. These libraries give developers the ability to efficiently handle concurrent and parallel execution. But be mindful of Python's Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), which can reduce threading's effectiveness, especially for CPU-bound operations.
Functional programming language Erlang/OTP was created especially for creating highly concurrent systems. OTP is a middleware that provides libraries and a set of architectural guidelines for creating these kinds of systems.
Java concurrency is a useful tool for developers in the era of multi-core processors since it allows for enhanced programme performance through parallel processing and multi-threading. Because it makes use of strong APIs, concurrent programming is dependable and efficient. It does, however, present a unique set of difficulties. Careful management of shared resources is necessary for developers to prevent problems like as race situations, deadlocks, and thread interference. Although concurrent programming in Java is more complicated and may take more time to learn, the benefits to application performance may outweigh the costs.
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