Understanding the Quadruple Marker Test: A Guide for Expecting Moms

Pregnancy is a time of profound change, both emotionally and physically. As the foetus grows, physicians utilise tests known as "markers," to document progress. Markers may be indicators in maternal blood or ultrasound findings that can give clues about the baby’s health and development. One very important marker to look out for is the quadruple marker test, also known as the quad screen, a blood test that is usually done during the second trimester of pregnancy. The quadruple marker test can provide important information about the probability of certain genetic conditions in the baby, and help families and medical care teams make decisions about follow-up tests or management.

The screening can also give expectant mothers comfort by indicating the presence of possible chromosomal abnormalities in a timely manner. But what is the procedure or the test all about and how should the results be interpreted? The following is an overview using only reliable, medically reviewed sources.

What Is the Quadruple Marker Test?

The quadruple marker test is a non-invasive maternal serum screening performed between the 15th and 22nd week of pregnancy, most often around the 16th to 18th week. It measures the levels of four specific substances (markers) in the mother’s blood:

 Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) – a protein made by the baby

 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) – a hormone produced in the placenta

 Estriol – an oestrogen created in the fetus and placenta

 Inhibin-A – a hormone produced by the placenta

These markers help estimate the baby’s risk of having conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), missing brain or skull parts, issues with the baby’s intestines, Turner Syndrome, neural tube defects like spina bifida and death of the baby.

Why Is It Recommended?

While the quadruple marker test doesn’t diagnose any condition directly, it helps determine whether further diagnostic testing might be necessary. It is especially recommended for women:

 35 years or older

 Have a family history of chromosomal conditions

 On insulin for diabetes treatment

 Pregnancies conceived using assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

The test provides risk assessments, expressed in terms of probability. For example, a 1 in 500 chance of Down syndrome yielding lower risk than a 1 in 100 chance.

Benefits of Early Detection

Here are some of the benefits that early diagnosis may provide pregnant women with:

 Preparation for special medical care at the time of birth

 Emotional and logistical planning

 Reflection on available treatment choices

 Preparation for what’s to come i.e. lifestyle changes keeping a special needs child in mind

 Reaching out to support groups

 In rare instances, the opportunity to reflect on continuing the pregnancy

Doing this screening at the appropriate time allows families the opportunity to make informed decisions. If the results indicate an increased risk of Down syndrome, follow up diagnostics such as another ultrasound (a scan to look at the baby), amniocentesis (testing the amniotic fluid around the baby) or chorionic villus sampling, CVS - (testing cells from the placenta) may be suggested to provide further definitive information.

How the Test Is Performed

The quadruple marker test is a simple blood test. A healthcare professional draws a blood sample from the mother’s arm, usually between the 16th and 18th week of gestation as that is reported to provide the most accurate results. There is no need for fasting, and results are typically available within a few days (4-5).

When used in conjunction with other assessments like a high-definition ultrasound, the test improves the accuracy of prenatal risk evaluations. Factors such as maternal age, weight, gestational age, blood test results and ethnicity are also considered while interpreting the results.

Limitations and Interpretation

Keep in mind that the quadruple marker test is not a diagnostic test, therefore, it only estimates risk and does not guarantee a condition being present or absent. A positive test does not mean a baby will most definitely have a problem and a negative test does not ensure that all is well.

It is also important to note that the accuracy of a quadruple marker test depends upon properly dating the gestation and other maternal conditions; therefore, it is important to correlate the Quadruple Marker result with other clinical signs and your own history.

Part of Comprehensive Prenatal Care

Choosing whether or not to take the quadruple marker test is a personal decision. However, for many mothers, particularly those who missed early screenings or belong to high-risk groups, it provides clarity during a time when information is power.

When integrated with other pregnancy assessments, this screening contributes to a holistic prenatal care plan. Expectant mothers should consult with their healthcare providers to understand whether the test is necessary in their individual case.

For those seeking comprehensive and early prenatal testing, options like the First Trimester Quadruple (Delfia) from LifeCell are a dependable choice that aligns with global standards and Indian healthcare expectations.

Final Word: Is the Quadruple Marker Test Right for You?

The quadruple marker test serves as an important window into your baby’s health. While it doesn’t replace diagnostic tests, it offers early insights that can guide further medical decision-making. Especially for mothers over 35 or with known risk factors, this test forms an essential part of second-trimester care.

Talk to your healthcare provider about whether this screening is appropriate for your situation. Early, informed decisions supported by evidence-based testing can bring much-needed clarity and peace of mind during your pregnancy journey.